Business Law Westphalia Marts Pty Ltd

Question: Describe about the Business Law for Westphalia Marts Pty Ltd. Answer: Issue The main issue is to determine if the contract between Mojo Beverages and Ben is indeed enforceable. Further, opinion also needs to be rendered with regards to the claim amount. Law For enacting a legally enforceable contract, it is imperative that the contract essential must be satisfied. These are as stated below (Carter, 2012). Valid agreement comprised of offer and acceptance Intention to enter into legal relations Valid Consideration Parties must have the capacity to enter into a contract The fulfilment of the above conditions leads to the formation of a valid contract between the two parties. Offer is extended by a party known as offeror and directed to a particular offeree or multiple offerees. It is defined as any proposal for indulging into a particular activity for a particular consideration in the hope that the proposal would receive approval of the other party called as offeree. This is in line with the argument offered in the Gibson v Manchester City Council - CA (1978) case (Latimer, 2005). Further, in accordance with the arguments put forward in the Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co (1893) case, it is apparent that the offer would have to be communicated to the offeree for ensuring that it is valid. It is imperative that the offer terms should be definite and should lack ambiguity. This is crucial for uploading the offer validity in the court of law (Gibson Fraser, 2014). With regard to valid agreement, it is imperative that the offeree must offer confirmation to the extended offer.as apparent in the verdict of the Brogden v Metropolitan Railway Co. (1877) case. It is required that the offer terms must be agreeable to the offeree as conditional acceptance amounts to a counter offer being made to the original offeror (Pathinayake, 2014). Further, acceptance on a mental level on the part of the offeree does not amount to acceptance in legal terms as evident from the decision of the Powell v Lee (1908) case. It is vital that the same must be extended to offeror using appropriate communication means (Lindgren, 2011). In event of alterations being introduced in the offer by offeror unilaterally, then the same must be granted acceptance by the offeree so as to result in a valid agreement. Unilateral alternations to the offer without the offeror giving consent and being aware of the same are not valid and do not supersede the original terms. With regards to unilateral offers, there is variation in the manner of acceptance, The acceptance is not requisite in such offers and the offeree indulging into the desired action is testimony to acceptance being given as is evident from the arguments made in Great Northern Railway Company v Witham (1873) case (Davenport Parker, 2014).. Application As per the given case facts, a unilateral offer was communicated by Mojo Beverages through publishing an advertisement whereby it offered a sum of $ 100,000 as prize money to any person who would find success in catching Lord Harry from the water. However, later it was realised that the prize money actually offered was only $ 1,000 instead of $ 100,000. The offer in the given case is unilateral which is open to the people and essentially acceptance would be communicated if any individual indulges in the activity of finding Lord Harry. Ben was aware of the modified offer before he could catch Lord Harry. Even though it was through an unreliable third party but Ben should have ideally clarified the matter before indulging in the act of catching Lord Harry. It is quite possible that Mojo Beverages had made an announcement about the modified amount of reward but Ben was not aware of it. But after having heard the rumour, continuation with the act of catching Lord Harry is assumed to be acceptance of the modified offer as ideally if Ben was not interested in getting $ 1,000, he should not stopped his activity. The silence of the Mojo Beverage representative does not change the conclusion as Mojo had already made a public announcement regarding this before Lord Harry was caught. Conclusion Based on the above discussion, it may be concluded that there is an enforceable contract between Ben and Mojo Beverages and as per it, the company should make a payment of $ 1,000 to Ben. Issue The central issue in the given case is to determine whether Livestock Brokers have a binding contract with Dorper Sheep Sellers Pty Ltd and hence can enforce the contract based on the case facts presented. Law For enacting a legally enforceable contract, it is imperative that the contract essential must be satisfied. These are as stated below (Latimer, 2005). Valid agreement comprised of offer and acceptance Intention to enter into legal relations Valid Consideration Parties must have the capacity to enter into a contract The fulfilment of the above conditions leads to the formation of a valid contract between the two parties. Offer is extended by a party known as offeror and directed to a particular offeree. It is defined as any proposal for indulging into a particular activity for a particular consideration in the hope that the proposal would receive approval of the other party called as offeree (Carter, 2012). Further, in accordance with the arguments put forward in the Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co (1893) case, it is apparent that the offer would have to be communicated to the offeree for ensuring that it is valid. It is imperative that the offer terms should be definite and should lack ambiguity. This is crucial for uploading the offer validity in the court of law (Fraser Gibson, 2014) In response of the offer being extended to the offeree, it is imperative that unconditional acceptance must be extended for the formation of a valid agreement. In case of conditional acceptance being granted, this would not result in the enactment of a valid contract. Instead as explained as in Hyde v Wrench (1840) case, a conditional acceptance would be considered as a counter offer (Pendleton Vickery, 2005) . This counter offer is directed to the original offeror and would result in the formation of a valid contract if accepted. However, as evident from the arguments made in Stevenson v. McLean(1880) case, the act of making enquiries with the intention of gaining more information does not amount to counter offer and hence does not lead to cancellation of the offer (Pathinayake, 2014). The acceptance of the offer must be communicated by the offeree to the offeror. In the event that the offeree does not communicate the acceptance to the offeror, then it is not held valid and does not result in formation of a valid contract. One of the means of communication that may be used for communicating acceptance is through post. As per the postal rules of contract formation, the acceptance is assumed to have been communicated by the offeree at the moment when the acceptance letter is sent to the offeror (Davenport Parker, 2014). Any delay in receipt of the acceptance letter does not alter the contract formation and hence a legal contract is in place irrespective of the date on which the acceptance letter reaches the offeror or he/she reads the letter content. However, in case of usage of communication modes like fax which result in instantaneous communication, the above rules are not valid and thus acceptance becomes valid only when the offeror receives the fax which is evid ent from the arguments made in the EntoresLtd v Miles Far East Corporation (1955) case (Lindgren, 2011). Application As per the given information, Dorper Sheep Sellers Pty Ltd (offeror) made an offer to sell dorper sheep flock to Livestock Brokers (offeree). The offeror sent a letter to the offeree on June 1 detailing the offer with regards to the quantity of sheep flock on offer along with the applicable price. Further, a period of 14 days was given to the offeree to communicate acceptance to the offeror. In response to the offer by the offeror, the offeree sent a letter dated June 6 which wanted some additional information. It is apparent from the verdict of the Stevenson v. McLean(1880) case that mere asking queries or seeking incremental information does not amount to counter offer. As a result, the letter sent by offeree does not impact the offer which was still valid. Further, on June 14, the offeree through fax as the medium of communication expresses their acceptance to the offer and this was timely received by the offeror before the expiry of the offer, Thus, it may be concluded that in the given case, there is an enforceable contract between Livestock Brokers and Dorper Sheep Sellers and therefore refusal by Dorper Sheep Sellers to not entertain Livestock Brokers would amount to breach of contract and would have legal implications. In the event, the fax letter is not received by the offeror, then it is deemed that acceptance has not taken place during the time provided as communication of acceptance to offeror is pivotal. Hence, in this case, there is no enforceable contract between the two parties and there is no legal obligation on the part of either party. Conclusion Based on the discussion above, it is evident that in case the fax letter was received by Dorper Sheep Sellers on time, then there would be contractual relation between the two parties and Dorper Sheep Sellers would have to fulfil their legal obligation by providing Livestock Brokers with the requisite quantity of sheep at the communicated price. In case of non-receipt of fax letter before offer expiry, then there would not be any contract between the two parties. Issue Based on the relevant facts, the core issue is to determine if Westphalia Marts can recover the shortfall of lease payment along with the full amount. Law In case, there is a legally enforceable contract between the parties, these are expected to fulfil their contractual obligations. Some of the terms inserted into the contract are referred to as implied terms and the source of these terms is the presence of conventions and precedent. On the other hand, express terms are those which are explicitly concluded by the contracting parties. Violation of the terms of the contract may result in contract being breached (Latimer, 2005). It is the duty of the parties enacting the contract that the contractual terms agreed must be respected and not violated in bad faith. However, it is possible to amend the contract through change in terms or addition to the existing terms (Carter, 2012). This amendment to the contract may be achieved in the written or the oral form but the mutual acceptance of both parties is imperative. If the amended contract is written in nature, then it should bear the contracting parties signature. However, the oral contracts are also equally binding and amount to legal contracts (Lindgren, 2011). Application Stuart and Westphalia Marts Pty Ltd have entered into a written lease agreement whereby Stuart has hired a shop in the Prince Mall for a period of five years. In accordance with the lease agreement, Stuart is required to pay a consideration of $ 1,000 on a weekly basis. He made prompt lease payments during the initial 2.5 years as business was flourishing. However, then business took a downturn and hence Stuart offered Westphalia Marts Pty Ltd to accept a lower monthly lease payment of $ 700 till there is improvement in business which was accepted by the company. Hence, through an oral agreement, an amendment had been done to the original lease agreement. Such modifications are legally enforceable and also the contracting parties would have to comply with the amendments made. Hence, in the given case, the company cannot claim the shortfall of $ 300 per week for 2014 and also cannot demand a rent of $ 1,000 from January, 2015. Conclusion It can be concluded, that through the oral agreement between the company and Stuart, the original lease agreement is deemed to have been amended. Hence, now the shortfall cannot be recovered for 2014 and also the lease payment cannot be unilaterally increased to $ 1,000 without Stuarts consent. Reference List Carter, J 2012, Contract Act in Australia, 3rd eds., LexisNexis Publications, Sydney Davenport, S Parker, D 2014, Business and Law in Australia, 2nd eds., LexisNexis Publications, Sydney Gibson, A Fraser, D 2014. Business Law, 8th eds., Pearson Publications, Sydney Latimer, P 2005. Australian business law, 24th eds., CCH Australia Ltd. Sydney Lindgren, KE 2011, Vermeesch and Lindgren's Business Law of Australia, 12th eds., LexisNexis Publications, Sydney Pendleton, W Vickery, N 2005. Australian business law: principles and applications, 5th eds., Pearson Publications, Sydney Pathinayake, A 2014, Commercial and Corporations Law, 2nd eds., Thomson-Reuters, Sydney Cases List: Brogden v Metropolitan Railway Co. (1877). Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co (1893). EntoresLtd v Miles Far East Corporation (1955). Felthouse v Bindley (1862) Gibson v Manchester City Council - CA (1978). Great Northern Railway Company v Witham (1873). Hyde v Wrench((1840). Mendelson-Zeller Co Inc v T C Providores Pty Ltd(1981). Powell v Lee (1908). Stevenson v. McLean(1880)

King Lear Essay Paper Example For Students

King Lear Essay Paper In King Lear there is numerous evidence that can trace the gradual growth of the main characters mental breakdown. There are a few passages in the play which show us something of Lear before the story begins, and it will help understand the development of Lears passion into madness to examine these. At the end of the first scene Goneril speaks of her fathers treatment of Cordellia of a gross error of judgement and says:The best and soundest of his time hath been but rash, and then points out that with such dispositions as he bears he will cause them offence unless he deprived of authourity. The opening words of the play revel the fact that the King is changeable, but this may only be an infirmity of age. He himself tells the reader that he is domineering and will not tolerate no opposition to his will. When addressing Kent, who interfered to prevent the banishment of Cordelia, he saysThou hast sought to make us break our vow Which we durst yet, and with straind pride,To come between our sentence and out power,Which nor our nature nor out place can bear.In the play itself there are three great outbursts of passion, hysterica passio as the King names it. The first is in the opening scene, when disappointment at Cordelias failure to please him by an open avowal of her deep true love causes his wrath to blind his reason. For Lear, wanting something and having it are the same thing, and finding himself deprived where he most expected to be gratified, he does not stop to think why, but is hurried by his passion into a prompt and dreadful revenge. Lears great love for Cordellia was terribly wounded by her failure, but his

Formation of Raced Identities in Young Children

Faculty School Models

Faculty School Models Introduction Accreditation is mainly concerned with the improvement of quality services in institutions by pointing out how shared governance works in relation to the institution’s structure and functioning. Endorsement of an academic institute by the Commission of Colleges implies that the institution has an appropriate purpose in regards to higher education, and has services, resources and programs to achieve its mission.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Faculty School Models specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, the continuity of an institution is solely dependent on its team of staff and learning facilitates to offer quality education to a generation after the other. Shared governance fully integrates core values and beliefs with the aim of delivering quality education, improving on the educational environment, and producing highly skilled graduates. The sole purpose of this essay is to id entify, which is the best faculty senate model that best fits the community college, and to determine its applicability in its shared governance structure. Apparently, it emerges that shared governance is more prevalent now than it was 30 years ago. This is contrary to conformist belief that faculty roles in shared governance are declining in recent decades (Birnbaum, 2004). Shared governance has instead been widely credited for its effectiveness in achieving laudable goals. In reference to (Tierney Minor, 2003) at least 82% of masters students agreed that shared governance is important in delivering values and identity in an institution. Besides that, shared governance receives an overwhelming support of about ninety six percent from all the three constituent groups. The best minor faculty senate model must in some degree involve the governance in decision making and especially in academic matters to produce significantly praiseworthy results. The best faculty senate model that fi ts the community college is the influential model. It should not only appear convincing, but it should be effective in delivering the set goals and results. Thus, it should not only be a model, but also an effective one such that it will achieve the set target, which had been agreed upon. It should be influential rather than a ceremonial kind of model.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For the community college to achieve an influential senate model, it is necessary to put a lot of effort in this venture. Minor James illustrated that it is very easy for an influential senate model to turn ceremonial even with the best laid intentions. In most cases, the faculty model senates are viewed negatively especially as being obstructing, underperforming and dysfunctional. Senates that are influential, (Minor, 2003) have the following characteristics, they are build on the fou ndations of trust, and have a shared or collaborative relationship with the administrators. For college community to have such kind of faculty senate (Influential) the presidential and administrative authority must not dominate issues, and there should be proper and open communication between faculty and administrators. The college should also have decentralized governance devoid of strong traditions of a leadership characterized with a top-down model. If this is not so, then it might just end up being a ceremonial model. The result would be a discontented faculty. If the faculty does not have the above mentioned elements, then it does not have an influential kind of faculty senate model. The best faculty model in this case, the influential model should be in position to meet more than the obvious needs of the college. Burgan points out that it should be in a place to provide great opportunities for the college stability even in the most volatile situations, provide a room for socia lization, discussion, professional screening, if it dos not produce such listed results, then the institution cannot claim to have an influential kind of faculty senate. A ceremonial model might meet the needs of some of faculty members, but what the community college must work hard to ensure are the needs of almost everyone at the college. In addition, the needs of the institution itself also ought to be met. Truly, what can best achieve this is the influential senate model. The influential model is able to ascertain the reputation and prestige of a college. When the senate is effective, it demonstrates features of an elitist institution and demonstrates willingness to achieve academic excellence and professional standards (Tierney William, 2004). The senate model in question must be in position to contribute to the institution’s academic mission besides meeting its aspirations.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Faculty School Models specific ally for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, community college should draw a strategy depending on how it might raise its standards in the community, and work towards establishing an influential type of faculty senate. If the senate model is an influential force to reckon with in the college, then this indicates that the college has this type of faculty senate. Conclusion Community colleges and other academic institutions should acknowledge that one single faculty model is not effective; rather the academic institutions should seek to work with multiple models to achieve the set goals for their institution. It is possible to work with multiple models if the institutions remain focused, work with a common agenda, and come to a consensus on the core mission and values. References Birnbaum, R. (2004). The end of shared governance: Looking ahead or looking  back. Journals of New Directions for Higher Education (127). Burgan, M. (2006). What Ever Happen ed to the Faculty? Drift and Decision in Higher  Education. Baltimore, MD: The John Hopkins University Press. Minor, J. James, T. (2003). Assessing the senate: Critical issues considered. American Educational Review journal, (26) 1. 264-272. Tierney, William, G. (2004). Improving academic governance: Utilizing a cultural Order. Baltimore, MD: The John Hopkins University Press.

International transportation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

International transportation - Essay Example and services; delivering products and services; and managing customer service) and management and support services (development and management of human capital; managing information technology; managing financial resources; acquisition, construction and management of property; managing Environmental Health and Safety; managing external relationships; and managing knowledge, improvement and change). In this regard, the PCF model has strong and direct links to logistics management activities which are most evident in the delivery of products and services within the operating process phase. As such, since the motor carriage under land transportation is the most commonly and widely used, affordable and accessible mode of transportation across all industries, organizations and countries, this mode of transportation plays a significant role in the PCF model for supply chain management. Governing rules, regulations are simple and universally known for motor carriages. Furthermore, motor transport is cheaper and costs associated with operating, maintaining and sustaining the vehicles for delivery are cheaper when compared to other modes of transportation. As emphasized, the PCF model contain process elements that are applicable to organizations regardless of industry, region and size; thereby, the use of the motor carriage parallel the model’s thrust in making effective delivery of products and services across industries, making its role important for easy and most affordable access in supply chain management of major organizations

Individual Reflective Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Individual Reflective Report - Essay Example My group identified the huge potential in this sector. We plan to establish a company which deals with selling game prepaid cards to Chinese players. Why the Chinese? This card, which is top up for Chinese internet games, helps Chinese players who are out of their home country to access a reliable payment method in order to access their favourite games just as if they were in China. The Chinese internet banking needs are cumbersome unlike payment methods such as VISA. Our prepaid card makes the whole process of accessing one’s favourite game so much easier when the player is in a foreign country. There are a number of other companies providing a payment method though not exactly the same as ours. We will compete with them due to our projected lower price. This lower price is as a result of operational efficiency and cost associated with a smaller workforce capable of multitasking in different departments. We plan to retain all our customers due to our honesty policy by which w e work for the best interest of our customers. The staff should have good knowledge of internet gaming and online transactions. The company should create a website to facilitate online payments and also set real world stores. There are more than enough suppliers who would be willing and ready to increase our penetration into the target Chinese market via internet. Process of Idea Initiation The process of idea initiation was quite interesting. Each and every member of my group had an idea to propose. Some of the ideas were quite interesting but were quickly objected due to the existence of highly effective competitors. Other ideas were ruled out due to varied reasons such as lack of enough information about how prospective the to-be proposed business would be and lack of originality. After intense discussion on which idea our group would embark on, the group did not come up with a final decision. We decided to dismiss the group and meet on a later date. Every member of the group was supposed to refine his or her idea before the next meeting. On the following meeting, all members showed up. Some dismissed their previously proposed ideas due to reasons such as lack of enough information, them being not practical and low success potential. The group was left to choose between three ideas. Members of the group discussed on the specifics of the ideas before voting for the best idea of them all. A clear majority of the group members agreed on the game prepaid cards as the most lucrative and potentially successful business idea. The occurrences of the process of idea initiation match content of literature. Brainstorming is one of the most common ways of coming up with new ideas. Pinson (2008, p. 21) advises that immediate decision on the best business idea should not be immediately made since brainstorming lacks the virtue of enough information. Group members should dig deeper into knowing facts and other relevant information of their proposed ideas before reaching a n agreement. Making a decision straight away after a brainstorming process may result to the dismissal of the idea due to poor project fundamentals later on after time and other resources have been invested in developing the business plan. Team Work I enjoyed the level of cooperation and the group’s synergy. Majority of the tasks assigned to group members were completed on time. This shows the dedication of individual in making the team work come out successful. Team members contributed in form of

Union Carbide behind Gauley Bridge

Union Carbide behind Gauley Bridge The Gauley Bridge, West Virginia, was Americas greatest industrial catastrophe and has been hidden from most of the American public today.[1] In retrospect, it is incredible that the story of the digging of the tunnel near Gauley Bridge did not break until 1935. [2]Although much controversy was to surround the calculation of the projects human cost, a U.S. Public Health Service official testifying before a Congressional committee in 1961 put it at 476 dead and 1,500 disabled. Yet it took five years from the time construction began for nationwide attention to focus on the tragedy, and the full facts did not emerge until a year later in the course of a Congressional hearing. The deadly lung disease silicosis is caused when miners, sandblasters, and foundry and tunnel workers inhale fine particles of silica dust-a mineral found in sand, quartz, and granite. In 1935, approximately 1,500 workers-largely African Americans who had come north to find work-were killed by exposure to silica dust while building a tunnel in Gauley Bridge, West Virginia. Ordinarily, silicosis takes a several years to develop, but these West Virginia tunnel workers were falling ill in a matter of months because of exposure to unusually high concentrations of silica dust. The crisis over silicosis suddenly became a national issue, as seen in this article in the radical newspaper Peoples Press. [a]In 1936 congressional hearings on the Gauley Bridge disaster, it was revealed that company officials and engineers wore masks to protect themselves when they visited the tunnel, but they failed to provide masks for the tunnels themselves, even when the workers requested them. I can see that all of this was because a rich and powerful corporation valued dollars above lives. When the Rinehart Dennis, Co., contractors for the New-Kanawha Power Co., started tunneling through two mountains a mile east of Gauley Bridge, on a power project to cost millions, they had know the tunnel would go through silicate rock. They knew that men working in the tunnel would breathe in the dust. They knew that without protection they would get silicosis, deadly lung disease. Behind Rinehart Dennis was the New-Kanawha Power Co., set to build the tunnel, dissolved as soon as the tunnel was completed late in 1934.[3] Union Carbide Behind the New-Kanawha Power Co. is the Electro Metallurgical Co. This is the big company that will use and sell the New Kanawha power. Behind the Electro Metallurgical Co. is the Union Carbide Chemical Co., gigantic company spreading into many fields. Power to be won from the mountains and the rivers of West Virginia was behind the building of the tunnel at Hawks Nest, near Gauley Bridge. Dams, powerhouses, and a tunnel through the mountains to increase the drop in the New River and the force of the waterpower-a huge project, with huge profits to be made, from the power and the enormous silicate deposits. A huge project was started in 1926, not yet completed, though the death tunnel is done. Millions have been spent-$20,000,000 already. Engineers of the company had made tests. The mountains were full of silicate rock. Silicate-valuable, deadly if breathed into the lungs in large amounts. No complete protection against silicate was known, when very fine, as in this case, but there were masks that helped. Ventilation shafts would carry some of the dust away. Also, on the night of December 2, 1984, an accident at the Union Carbide pesticide plant in Bhopal, India, released at least 30 tons of a highly toxic gas called methyl isocyanate, as well as a number of other poisonous gases. Temporary huts or shantytowns that surrounded the pesticide plant lead to more than 600,000 people being exposed to the deadly gas cloud that night. The gases stayed low to the ground, causing victims throats and eyes to burn, inducing nausea, and many deaths. Estimates of the death toll vary from as few as 3,800 to as many as 16,000, but government figures now refer to an estimate of 15,000 killed over the years. Toxic material remains, and 30 years later, many of those who were exposed to the gas have given birth to physically and mentally disabled children. For decades, survivors have been fighting to have the site cleaned up, but they say the efforts were slowed when Michigan-based Dow Chemical took over Union Carbide in 2001. Human rights groups say that t housands of tons of hazardous waste remain buried underground, and the government has conceded the area is contaminated. There has, however, been no long-term epidemiological research, which conclusively proves that birth defects are directly related to the drinking of the contaminated water.[4] Similar (The Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster) Main Cause The environmental and human decision making factors that were associated with the launching of the Space Shuttle Challenger on Jan. 28,1986, the Challenge exploded shortly after liftoff, destroying the vehicle and all of its seven crew members, thus the cause of the problem as noted by Roger Boisjoly, chief engineer at Morton Thiokol was that due to the much cooler temperatures he found that both the primary and secondary-ring seals on the field joint had been blackened due to severe hot gas blowby. As he had recorded earlier in his studies that provided a direct correlation between low temperatures, and the concern that the O-rings on the shuttles solid rocket boosters would stiffen in the cold losing their ability to preform well as a suitably seal. The shuttle solid rocket boosters (or SRBs), are key elements in the operation of the shuttle. Without the boosters, the shuttle cannot produce enough thrust to overcome the earths gravitational pull and achieve orbit. There is an SRB attached to each side of the external fuel tank. Each booster is 149 feet long and 12 feet in diameter. Before ignition, each booster weighs 2 million pounds. Solid rockets in general produce much more thrust per pound than their liquid fuel counterparts. The drawback is that once the solid rocket fuel has been ignited, it cannot be turned off or even controlled. So it was extremely important that the shuttle SRBs were properly designed. Morton Thiokol was awarded the contract to design and build the SRBs in 1974. Thiokols design is a scaled-up version of a Titan missile, which had been used successfully for years. NASA accepted the design in 1976. The booster is comprised of seven hollow metal cylinders. The solid rocket fuel is cast into the cylinders at the Thiokol plant in Utah, and the cylinders are assembled into pairs for transport to Kennedy Space Center in Florida. At KSC, the four booster segments are assembled into a completed booster rocket. The joints where the segments are joined together at KSC are known as field joints (See Figure 1). These field joints consist of a tang and clevis joint., which 177 clevis pins hold the tang and clevis together. Each joint is sealed by two O-rings, the bottom ring known as the primary O-ring, and the top known as the secondary O-ring. (The Titan booster had only one O-ring. The second ring was added as a measure of redundancy since the boosters would be lifting humans into orbit. Except for the increased scale of the rockets diameter, this was the only major difference between the shuttle booster and the Titan booster.) The purpose of the O-rings is to prevent hot combustion gasses from escaping from the inside of the motor. To provide a barrier between the rubber O-rings and the c ombustion gasses, a heat resistant putty is applied to the inner section of the joint prior to assembly. The gap between the tang and the clevis determines the amount of compression on the O-ring. To minimize the gap and increase the squeeze on the O-ring, shims are inserted between the tang and the outside leg of the clevis. [b] In my opinion NASA should have delayed the launch, simply to explore the research that maybe Roger Boisjoly of Morton Thiokol s theory held merit and was based of a scientific observation form such an expert in the field of Rocket Science. Placing myself in that position, protocol would warrant a whistle-blower status as lives and multi-million dollars was a stake, not withholding the reputation of NASA and the Space Program overall. Without knowing the contractual obligation he had as an employee of a company that done work for NASA and the political hoops and legal ramifications that would follow, so out of the choices provided Resigning the position in protest is the only clear option, expect the end result would probably not change. Yet in my opinion Roger Boisjoly of Morton Thiokol did exactly what practically could have been done within reason considering the circumstances. Similar (Water Disaster in Elk River, West Virginia) Main Cause In Elk River, West Virginia on January 9, 2014 a chemical spill various parties initiated numerous legal actions at both the state and federal levels. Community advocates have been at the forefront of state legislation to register never before documented chemical storage tanks. Approximately 50,000 tanks were identified for regulation, many of which were located along West Virginias water supply. The spills fallout and West Virginias lead to create a chemical storage tank regulatory program set a precedent for several other states to enact their own chemical tank legislation and bills were proposed in halls of Congress and the U.S. Senate. [c]Despite immense public support, these West Virginia regulatory bills were already being dismantled by the next legislative session. In addition to legislation intended to prevent similar crises, numerous criminal charges were filed against parties responsible for the spill. The U.S. Attorney for southern West Virginia obtained 15 indictments for up to 93 years in prison against Freedom Industries former president Gary Southern for charges including wire fraud. Although in an FBI-conducted investigation Gary Southern claimed no association with Freedom Industries, he ultimately pled guilty for violating the federal Clean Water Act, the Refuse Act, and negligent for failing to have a pollution prevention plan, and faces up to three years in prison and $300,000 in fines. Among five other Freedom Industries executives who pleaded guilty on charges related to the spill, Dennis Farrell, pleaded guilty to violating the Refuse Act and failing to have a pollution prevention plan, for which he faces sentencing of 30 days to two years in prison and up to $200,000 in fines. Numerous civil suits have been filed in the aftermath of the crisis, including over 50 against West Virginia American Water in just the first nine months following the spill. Several personal injury suits as well as a class action lawsuit against Freedom Industries, its top executives, Eastman Chemical Company, West Virginia American Water, American Water, its parent company. In December 2015, Freedom Industries Farrell and Southern settled one such class action for $50,000 and $350,000 respectively [1] http://cstl-hcb.semo.edu/pgershuny/Gauley%20Bridge.htm [2] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oUL6nnJO-6Q [3] http://cstl-hcb.semo.edu/pgershuny/Gauley%20Bridge.htm [4] https://www.britannica.com/event/Bhopal-disaster [a] http://depts.washington.edu/labhist/laborpress/ [b] http://ethics.tamu.edu/Portals/3/Case%20Studies/Shuttle.pdf [c] https://wvwatercrisis.com/